HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

HRM - Essay Example Most experts say that making proper job descriptions is a good starting point for companies like Crystal Waters Winery. The second phase revolves around effective retention, which involves adequate training where the employees are given room for personal growth and development. Training also has to follow a proper procedure otherwise training may become redundant and the company may not benefit from the training program (Fink, 1992). Crystal Water Winery has to understand that in order to remain competitive in the industry it will have to make a significant investment into its human capital. However, Jacques Terblanche has to ensure that investment is made in the right things. Introduction Crystal Waters Winery is expanding its operations and it wants to be able handle the additional workload that comes with this increase. To effectively manage all this, Crystal Waters Winery will have to hire more people in the HR, management, marketing and viticulture departments. However, they wil l have to go through various steps before actually hiring individuals. This process is known as Human Resource Planning. A human resource plan is a systematic process of matching the interests, skills and talents of individual community members with the long-term goals and economic opportunities in the community. The human resource plan brings out the long term strategic perspective of the organization and how it wishes to expand upon its repertoire within the relevant thick of things. It takes a keen look at the ways and means through which hiring mechanisms could be established and the numerous ways through which the organizational charter is manifested by the employees themselves. Among the various aspects that are covered by human resource planning the most important ones are: Determining the numbers to be employed at the new department/location Determining the functions of the current workforce Retention/promotion of current staff Removing any redundant functions / employees Fu ture outlook Human Resource Planning is important for every company when they want to be proactive and want to manage their human resources to take advantage of any opportunity in the future. The companies understand the organizational fluidity around skills held by the people. One of the major limitations of HRP is that it requires extensive information of the external labor market, data about current employees and how resources work in the organization. Crystal Waters Winery needs to understand the exact duties need that to be incorporated into the company’s operations and where it will get the human capital from. Through HRP Jacques Terblanche wants to find out how he can improve the performance of his company in the long run without drastically impacting profitability or sales. Demand planning is an integral starting point where the company must anticipate future demand for their product (Bertucci, 2006). Only if the demand is sustainable then it should start hiring new e mployees, if however the demand is declining then the management must focus on improvement and streamlining of the business processes. Job Analysis A good starting point for Jacques Terblanche would be to create an effective Job Analysis for all the positions for which he will be hiring. Job analysis is the study of competencies, and the emerging emphasis on considering other work-related about the work itself, the worker, the organization, and the

Physiological Changes Essay Example for Free

Physiological Changes Essay In order to compensate, more salt is added to the diet. This can contribute to, or exacerbate, a pre existing high blood pressure condition. Changes to the gastrointestinal system can seriously affect the overall body of an older adult. Reduced saliva and imbalanced stomach acid contribute to dehydration and bowel problems. Ulcers can result from the imbalanced stomach acid and limited movement. Sometimes these can become bad enough that surgery is necessary. Then, the person is exposed to a higher susceptibility of alternate infections and secondary problems. Decreased muscle mass causes a lack of physical strength and endurance. Overall body composition begins to change in the older adult. Fat in the body increases as muscle mass decreases. Joints stiffen as glucosamine is lost. Ligaments between bones loosen. When an older person tries to walk, just as they did before, they can likely have a fall. This can lead to broken bones. Within the body’s organ system, plaque begins to build up in arterial walls. Increased blood pressure causes the heart to work harder. This is one explanation for the decreased energy and stamina in older adults. With decreased circulation comes a lack of oxygen throughout the entire body system. Dry skin and general forgetfulness becomes common in the older adult. Cognitive decline begins to happen along with the physical changes occurring with age. Illness, disease, memory loss, and changes in a person’s environment can all contribute to physiological decline. Due to lack of physical exercise, proper hydration, and lack of oxygen, emotional stress becomes a serious issue. As stress levels increase, physical stress increases. This cycle becomes reciprocal in nature. Hormonal changes occur simultaneously. This can be detrimental to body’s ability to process vital nutrients in the dietary intake. The imbalance in hormone levels causes issues with insulin and glucose levels. Lack of hormonal balance and dehydration contributes to poorly maintained nerves. Stress is both a result of these changes and a contributor to them. Hearing loss impacts a person’s social abilities and can lead to isolation. Some older adults may be embarrassed at their lack of ability to hear or understand everyday conversation. They tend to withdraw from social opportunities and become susceptible to depression. Along with hearing loss, comes lack of vision. Cataracts, lack of sensitivity to light, and decreased blood supply to the retina all contribute to the inability to correctly see in one’s environment. This can lead to accidents within the living space. The last factor to consider is socioeconomic status. During retirement, income may decrease and medical costs increase. One of the first areas impacted is the affordability of food containing proper nutrition. Social events are not always accessible. These environmental changes coupled with the physiological changes can accelerate physical and mental decline. Supportive services do help to increase both longevity and the quality of life.

Needs Analysis in Syllabus Design

Needs Analysis in Syllabus Design Thank you for choosing our Language centre as one of your prospective providers. In this envelop you will find what you have requested from us. An essay with the explanation of Needs Analysis and Syllabus design in TESOL, and a description and rationale of the syllabus items for the two weeks course. We hope that you will be satisfied with the work we have produced. We would be very happy if we had the chance to collaborate with you. Part A: Needs Analysis: Needs analysis procedure in language teaching was first introduced and used by Michael West in 1920, but then re-emerged during 1970 as a result of intensive studies conducted by the council of Europe team. Needs analysis was developed and was emphasized in ESP (English for Specific Purposes) and it is argued that it is not possible to specify the needs of general English learners. Hutchinson and Walters (1987) describe need analysis as the most characteristic feature of English for Specific Purposes course design. It is also notable that a needs analysis is the starting point for a syllabus/course design. It is a part of a curriculum development, and is required before developing a syllabus. Thus, the information gathered from a need analysis can be used to define the program goals or sometimes to select the most relevant material for the language syllabus. Johnson K. (2008, pg.200) points out that: in order to plan a foreign language teaching we need to find a way of analysing learners needs. What is going to tell us just how much, and for what purposes our learners will need which foreign languages, it is the process of needs analysis. Needs Analysis in language teaching and language programme design, can be defined as a systematic process which helps teachers to collect information and get an accurate and complete picture of their students needs and preferences. Then they interpret the information collected and they make decisions about what to include in their programme, based on the interpretations in order to meet the students needs. This process can be used in response to the academic needs of all the students, for improving their achievements and meeting challenged academic standards. However, this process sometimes does not involve looking at the learners individual needs, but may involve looking at the requirements and expectations of other members involved, such as employees, parents, teachers and financial supporters. Some probable resources for gathering information are: questionnaires, surveys, tests, observations and individual interviews. Generally a need analysis tries to get information on the situations in which a language is going to be used, the purposes for which that language is needed, the types of communication that are going to be used in the course and the level of proficiency that is required to develop a syllabus. If a need analysis is used as a current part of teaching, it helps learners to reflect on their learning, to identify their needs, but also control their learning. Additionally, as Amie M. Casper (2003) states: The information gleaned from a need analysis can be used to help you define program goals. These goals can be stated as specific teaching objectives, which will function as the foundation on which a teacher will develop the lesson plans, materials, tests, assignments and activities. Thus, a need analysis helps you to elucidate the purposes of your learning program. Syllabus design in TESOL: All professional people, who are labelled as teachers or are somehow related to language teaching, sometimes in their career path will be responsible of creating a syllabus or at least they have created one. Basically, syllabus design is a key component of their course preparation. To start with, syllabus is defined as a statement of content, denoting what a particular programme is going to cover (Richards et al. 1985, qtd in Johnson K. 2008, pg.215), which means that a syllabus design involves planning course content. David Nunan (1988, pg.8) comments on syllabus design by stating that: A traditional syllabus design has been seen as a subsidiary component of the curriculum design. Curriculum is concerned with the planning implementation, evaluation management and administration of education programs, whereas syllabus focuses more narrowly on the selection and grading of context. Syllabus design procedures are required for deciding what is going to be taught in a language programme. A basic step prior to syllabus design is need analysis. Knowing exactly what to your students want, and why they want to learn English is a basic feature in a syllabus design. Generally, a right syllabus is designed into manageable chunks that can be followed and interact into each other. It is important that the effectiveness of the teachers class will be largely depending on how the lessons develop over time. Then, the teacher has to decide the content of his syllabus. He needs to make sure what to include in the syllabus so that it is relevant to what the students need. When it comes to organize the syllabus, the teacher designs his syllabus based on his list of prioritized topics or areas of his study. He has to make sure that his selected topics build up on others, but also that he uses a broad variety of resources and activities. Furthermore, the teacher has to be sure on which of the four skills (listening, speaking, writing, reading) to focus on, and which ones are the most important for his students. As you have read above, there have been identified three main stages in the process of a language syllabus. The first one is the needs analysis, then content specification and then syllabus organisation. There are two approaches to syllabus design. Product approach and process approach. Most syllabuses are based on product approach. In the product approach the teacher, teaches the students and then he tests them in order to evaluate them (evaluate their performance). A product syllabus focuses on what is going to be learnt at the end of the learning process (the outcomes) rather than the process itself. Some product-oriented syllabuses are the following: the grammatical syllabus, the functional syllabus and the lexical syllabus. On the other hand, a process approach on a syllabus concentrates on the skills and the processes which are involved in the learning process. There are different types of syllabuses in TESOL and they are the following: the situational, structural, topical, functional, notional, skills-based, and task based and lexical syllabus. Part B: Description and rational of the syllabus items: Having considered your needs, we have concluded to a relevant model of a syllabus designed especially for you. Obviously, what you are seeking for is the education of your receptionists for a better communication with your guests. Thus we are going to teach them those parts of English that are most relevant to them. Our organising principle for the selection and grading of what is going to be taught in this two-week course are notional-functional categories. We have decided to take communicative categories as the main principle of our syllabus. Thus this specific course is based on a notional/functional syllabus as it is the most relevant type of syllabus for this purpose. This program needs to be practical and relevant to your receptionists jobs. They need to learn how to use language under those several situations they face every day. The communicative functions were very carefully selected and sequenced according their usefulness to the receptionist and the extent to which they will meet the receptionists communicative needs. The syllabus is organised under the context hotel, which then is divided under a general heading (at the reception desk), with subheadings for specific activities. Within each situation, your receptionists will learn about aspects of that situation, and what language to use in order to communicate with the guests. We have ordered functions according to a chronological sequence because we think is more relevant to base the syllabus on the sequence of each action (what happens first, second, etc.), rather than grading them based on the associated language or grammar, as we are going to teach them how to use the relevant language under each situation. Hotel: At the reception desk: Greeting the guests/Giving visitors a friendly welcome Booking a room Giving/asking information Check-in Giving advise/ making suggestions Dealing with complaints check-out The situations listed in the syllabus are going to be practised through several of activities which will help your receptionists to develop and practise their abilities to communicate more effectively in a variety of real-life situations required in their work. The assumption that the receptionists already know the grammar has been a basic reason for starting this notional/functional syllabus, because what they need the most is to enhance their communicative skills when using language. Teaching based on this syllabus will add a communicative dimension to their already existing knowledge. We are going to activate this knowledge so that they will use it in order to do things with language (communicate better and learn functions of language under the context hotel). Generally, a notion is a particular context in which people communicate. A function is a specific purpose for a speaker in that given context. In this syllabus the notion of working in a hotel, requires a numerous of functions, such as greeting the guests, giving/ asking information, making suggestions, dealing with complaints etc. Thus, the syllabus items are focused on how the receptionists use English, in which purposes they use it and what exactly they need to learn in order to communicate more effectively with the hotel guests. The syllabus items, based on the contextualised exercises will give your receptionists the chance to improve and enhance their communicative abilities through those numerous functions of language we are going to teach them. The main reason for including those situations in the syllabus is because those are the most important situations in which a typical receptionist will take part in, and thus they need to work and practise their communicative abilities, but also they need to know what function of language to use under each situation. This is going to be done under several activities designed especially for this course. We think that the receptionists need to work their listening and speaking skills, as they are the most important skills they use in their work. Speaking skills are very important and they will be practised through role-plays between the students and the teacher. Listening skills will be practised through listening real life conversations, and then by completing activities related to the situations. It is important that effective speaking depends on successful listening. We decided to work on the other skills too, but the main emphasis will be given on listening and speaking skills. Relevant vocabulary, grammar rules and structures, but also pronunciation will be integrated in each situation. Your receptionists will be given the opportunity to practise their skills in real life situations involving authentic language use. Based on each situation, we have produced some exercises that present relevant instances of language. Vocabulary, grammar and functions derive from the situations selected. However, prior each situation we will teach them the appropriate grammar, vocabulary and structures of language they need to know. Under each situation, the receptionists will practise different functions of language. For example, when greeting visitors they will learn and practise relevant language on how to use language in order to greet their guests. This is also going to be done through listening several of greetings, based on real situations taking place in a hotel and produced by different people. We will give them the chance to practise listening comprehension through different listening activities. The receptionists must complete the comprehensions exercises in order to evaluate their understanding. Also, after or before a situation, students will be divided into groups and they will be given different scenarios in where they have to practise the topic they are given. Some scenarios examples based on greetings, are the following: Greet two guests as they approach the reception ( guests are an elderly couple) Greet two guests as they enter the hotel (these guests are very tired) Greet two guests as they enter the hotel ( these guests are very famous people) Greet the guests as they enter the hotel (A family with two young children) In this way, such a combination of elements will be associated with a fairly predictable language in terms of lexis, structure and function/interaction. Each situation they are going to listen to or practise it orally, will have a different structure, function and lexical items (taught prior each situation). Thus, all syllabus items are organised in a way which will be closely linked to a practical activity or task that the receptionist may have to undertake during their work. By the end of this course your receptionists will be able to communicate better under several situations, and they will also improve their communicative abilities.

Evaluation of Sources Addressing Sleep and Performance Essay -- Resear

Evaluation of Sources Addressing Sleep and Performance Sleep loss and shifting sleep patterns are known to be widespread across college campuses throughout the United States and the world at large. Yet, while many studies exist relating sleep to performance, a much smaller amount of studies focus on the Through analysis of these sources as they would prove useful when researching and writing upon the idea of sleep and its correlation to academic performance it was found that a paper titled â€Å"Sleep-Wake Patterns and Academic Performance in University Students†, which was presented to the European Conference on Educational Research, is overall the most useful source represented to research the topic. While points, claims, and statistics may be found within all of the sources used for the research, the sheer amount of referenced studies and works within the â€Å"Sleep-Wake† paper lends weight to it’s usefulness as a reliable source. One of the otherfactor of sleep and its affect within the college community. Three sources varying in criteria and usefulness were found that related to this subject and were studied. sources, â€Å"College Students try to Cheat Sleep Needs†, a college newspaper, offers basic facts and elementary assumptions such that could be found within any biology textbook or encyclopedia. These references are to such things as sleep cycles and sub stages and the general consequences of an out of balance sleep cycle. The study from the Biological Rhythm Research writers, however, hints at previous studies and findings that â€Å"several factors, such as social and academic demands, part-time jobs, [...] affect the sleep-wake cycle of college students.† but then only states the findings of a particular study, and does so in... ...tive sources. As seen by its thoroughness, and attention to detail and reliability by its specialized writers, this paper is the most useful location for information regarding the topic. Works Cited Anderson, Ph.D., Keith J. â€Å"College Students try to Cheat Sleep Needs.† Polytechnic Online. 13 Feb. 2002. 2 Feb. 2004. . Gomes, Ana Allen, Jose Taveres, and Maria Helena Azevedo. â€Å"Sleep-Wake Patterns and Academic Performance in University Students.† 7 Oct. 2002: 7. Education-Line Database. 2 Feb. 2004. Medeiros, Ana Ligia D., et al. â€Å"Relationships Between Sleep-Wake Cycles and Academic Performance in Medical Students.† Biological Rhythm Research. 32.2 (2001): 263-270. 2 Feb. 2004. .

Development And Evaluation Of A Dispersive Liquid Environmental Sciences Essay

It has been developed a small-scale, simple, and rapid diffusing liquid-liquid microextraction ( DLLME ) process in combination with fiber optic-linear array sensing spectrophotometry ( FO-LADS ) with charge-coupled device ( CCD ) sensor profiting from a micro-cell. The official mention methods ( ASTM D2330 – 02, ISO 7875-1 ) which require boring processs were replaced with modified method, as a consequence, it has achieved a major decrease in sample size, riddance of the usage of expensive glasswork, and a lessening in the measure of trichloromethane used every bit good as much more addition in sensitiveness. Our presented method requires merely one twentieth of sample ( 5.0 milliliter ) , less than one three-hundredth of microextraction dissolver ( chloroform = 138 A µL ) , and much reduced in analytical clip compared with official analytical methods ( less than one minute ) . The standardization curve was additive in the scope of 0.06 A- 10-1 – 0.8 A- 10-1 milligra m La?’1 of Na dodecyl sulphate ( SDS ) with a correlativity coefficient ( R ) of better than 0.99 and the LOD was 0.02 A- 10-1 milligram La?’1. The repeatability of the proposed method ( n=7 ) were found to be 4.5 and 3.6 % for the concentration of 0.03 and 0.07 milligram La?’1, severally. The enrichment factor was found to be 75 for SDS. Keywords: Diffusing liquid-liquid microextraction A · Water analysis A · Methylene blue active substance A · Anionic wetting agent A · Fiber optic-linear array sensing spectrophotometry1. IntroductionA turning public concern over protecting our environment obligate chemists, including analytical chemists, to alter their activities in such a manner that they will be conducted in an environmentally friendly mode. Sampling, and particularly sample readying, often involves coevals of big sums of pollutants. This is why sample readying techniques that use a little sum of organic dissolver, or none at all, have been developed [ 1-4 ] . Anionic wetting agents ( AS ) are widely used in family cleaners, industrial detergents and decorative preparations. The wetting agents expelled to natural H2O reservoirs as municipal and industrial wastes are good known to hold inauspicious effects on aquatic beings ; hence the monitoring of wetting agents in environmental samples is of great importance [ 5, 6 ] . For the measuring of entire surfactant concentration, titration methods have been extensively explored [ 7, 8 ] . Several ion-selective electrodes sensitive to anionic wetting agents have been reported so far [ 9-11 ] . Anionic wetting agents are normally determined by spectrophotometric methods utilizing methylene blue ( MB ) , this standard methods being used to find AS in the surface and tap-water samples ( ASTM D2330 – 02, ISO 7875-1 ) [ 12, 13 ] . The method is based on the formation of blue-coloured trichloromethane extractible ion-pair between the AS and the cationic MB. This requires three consecutive extractions of AS-MB content in 100 milliliter of sample with 15, 10, and 10 milliliter of trichloromethane. The ion-pair is determined by spectrophotometry, mensurating the optical density at 650 nanometer. However, these official methods are non merely long and boring but besides require great measures of sample and trichloromethane which has harmful consequence on chemists and environment. Besides, this method needs batch of research lab glasswork, do these operations highly expensive and uncomfortable for the operator. So it seems necessary to seek for new offers as options for the a foresaid method in order to increase the laboratory productiveness, operator safety, comfort, and to cut down drastically the reagents ingestion and waste production. Koga et Al. proposed a decrease of the size of sample employed for AS finding in H2O, being modified this method to utilize 50 milliliter of H2O and 5 milliliter trichloromethane, holding obtained a six times addition of the research lab productiveness [ 14 ] . An other simplified methods that cut down the measures of reagent by utilizing a certain sort of adsorbent have been proposed [ 15 ] . However, this method besides involves boring processs. Besides other research workers studied primary biodegradation of AS in aerophilic showing trials based on the formation of ion-pair of AS and MB [ 16 ] . By early 2006, Assadi and his research group innovated an attractive, high public presentation and powerful liquid-phase microextraction ( LPME ) method which named their techniques â€Å" Diffusing liquid-liquid microextraction † ( DLLME ) [ 17-19 ] . Beyond the trait of simpleness of operation and celerity, ingestion of microextraction dissolver at the micro-level volume and compatibility with analytical instruments are other profitable characteristics of DLLME as a sample pretreatment method [ 20-25 ] For extremely sensitive, accurate, rapid, and cheap measuring with ingestion of extraction dissolver at micro-level volume, we propose a simplification of the spectrophotometric MB method that can be utile for finding anionic wetting agents in aqueous samples. A consecutive DLLME in combination with fiber optic-linear array sensing spectrophotometry ( FO-LADS ) with charge-coupled device ( CCD ) sensor profiting from a micro-cell was used for this intent.2. Experimental2.1 Reagent and criterions The reagents used in the experiments were of analytical class: MB ( used as a cationic dye ) , sodium dodecyl sulphate ( SDS, employed as a representative anionic wetting agent ) , acetone as disperser dissolvers, trichloromethane as microextraction dissolver, NaOH, HNO3 ( 65 % ) , HCl ( 37 % ) , acetic acid, and Na ethanoate for doing buffer solution ) and obtained from Merck ( Darmstadt, Germany ) . Absolute ethyl alcohol ( & gt ; 99.6 % ) purchased from Bidestan company ( Qazvin, Iran ) . The needed measure of SDS was dissolved in pure H2O to do standard solution of 1000 mg L-1. The stock solutions of MB ( 3 A- 10-3 mol L-1 ) were prepared by fade outing appropriate sums in dual distilled H2O. All the plastic and glasswork were cleaned by soaking for 24 H in 10 % v/v HNO3. After cleansing, all containers were exhaustively rinsed three times with dual distilled H2O and twice with acetone prior to utilize. No any detergent was used to clean glasswork because it is hard to take from surfaces and causes high consequences. 2.2. Apparatus and Instrumentation apparatus The fiber optic-linear array sensing spectrophotometer was perched from Avantes ( Eerbeek, Netherlands ) . The light beam from the UV-Vis beginning ( Deuterium-Halogen ) was focused to the sample micro-cell ( Starna Scientific, Essex, England, Cat. NO. 16.40F-Q-10/Z15 ) . The spectrograph accepts the light beam transmitted through the optical fibre and disperses it via a fixed grate across the 2048 component CCD-linear array sensor. The instrumental parametric quantities are listed in Table 1. A Universal EBA 20 extractor equipped with an angle rotor ( Angle rotor for 8 A- 15 milliliter tubings, 6000 revolutions per minute, Cat. No. 2002 ) were obtained from Hettich ( Kirchlengern, Germany ) . An adjustable pipette ( 10-100 A µL ) was prepared from Brand ( Wertheim, Germany ) . All 0.1, 1.0 and 2.5 milliliter panpipes were prepared from Hamilton ( Reno, NV, USA ) . To clean out the micro-cell, avoid any memory consequence and better the repeatability of process, it was washed three times by about 2 milliliters of propanone between each analysis and dried with a watercourse of cold air by usage of a hair drier. 2.3. Mention process Hundred milliliter of sample was placed into a 250 milliliter dividing funnel and 10 milliliter of a 1 A- 10a?’3 mol L-1 MB solution and 15 milliliters trichloromethane were added. After agitating the mixture smartly for 1 min, the two stages were let to divide and chloroform bed taken for analysis. Each sample was extracted to boot two times utilizing 10 ml part of trichloromethane and optical density measurings were made at 650 nanometers in forepart of an external standardization prepared from SDS. Solutions in the scope between 0.1 and 0.5 milligrams La?’1 were extracted in the same manner than samples. 2.4 Recommended analytical process Into a series of screw cap glass trial tubing with conelike underside 5.0 milliliter of the standard SDS solutions at the concentration in the studied scope were pipetted out. Then 25 A µL of 3 A- 10-3 mol L-1 MB standard solution was added. Afterwards, 2.00 milliliter ethyl alcohol ( disperser dissolver ) incorporating 138 A µL trichloromethane ( microextraction dissolver ) was injected quickly into the sample solution utilizing a 2.50-mL syringe. This injection led to a cloudy solution, caused by the all right droplets of trichloromethane into the aqueous sample. The stage separation was accelerated by centrifugating at 5500 revolutions per minute for 3 min. After this measure the spread all right droplets of trichloromethane were settled at the underside of the aqueous solution in conelike trial tubing. Subsequent to this process, for evacuating the upper aqueous solution a long needle connected to 10-mL injection syringe was immersed down in to prove tubing and pulled the spe culator up till minute 200-300 A µL of aqueous stage remains at the top of organic bed. The volume of the settled organic stage was determined utilizing a 100-i? ­L microsyringe at 25  °C which was 65A ±2 A µL. Sixty micro-liter of this settled stage was removed by micropipette and introduced into micro-cell. The ordinary optical density of AS-MB ion-pair in trichloromethane was measured at the wavelength of 650.0 nanometers by agencies of FO-LADS.3. Result and treatmentIn order to obtain a high sensitiveness, the parametric quantities impacting the DLLME such as the type of the microextraction and the disperser dissolvers every bit good as their volume, concentration of MB, pH, and the microextraction clip were optimized. The enrichment factor ( EF ) was defined as the ratio of the analyte concentration in the settled stage to the initial analyte concentration in the aqueous sample. The analyte concentration in the settled stage was calculated from the standardization graph obtained by the conventional liquid-liquid extraction ( LLE ) /FO-LADS ( extraction conditions: 2.0 milliliters standard H2O sample in the concentration scope of 4.5 A- 10-4 – 1.5 A- 10-3 mol L-1 of MB and 1.5 – 5.0 mg L-1 SDS which extracted with 2.0 milliliters trichloromethane ) . 3.1. Chemical reaction of SDS and MB The equilibrium between SDS, MB and the distribution of SDS-MB ion-pair in H2O and trichloromethane has been qualitatively reported in the literature [ 14 ] . The AS dissolved in H2O are somewhat soluble in trichloromethane. On the other manus, MB dissolves good in both, trichloromethane and H2O, supplying a bluish colour solution in all the instances. When pure H2O is assorted with a chloroform solution of MB, the bluish colour is quickly transferred to the aqueous stage. 3.2. Consequence of ion-pair formation status parametric quantities The overall ion-pair formation status of SDS and MB is concentration of each, pH every bit good as clip needed. Our efforts were chiefly centered on optimising these parametric quantities under our microextraction conditions ( DLLME ) . In this survey the clip required for ion-pair formation were tested between 0 sec -10 min. The consequences, deducing from the ion-pair formation utilizing different reaction times, exhibited that the reaction clip has no any consequence on ion-pair formation efficiency and longer clip period did non better the reaction. In order to find the optimum pH for the ion-pair formation, several sample pH values were varied from 2.5 – 7.5 to prove the ion-pair formation of AS and MB in 5.0 mL H2O samples incorporating 0.04 mg L-1 SDS and extra sum of MB. The highest microextraction efficiency was achieved in the pH of studied scope and we found that in the alkalic solution MB it self would pull out into trichloromethane in absence of any MBAS. In optimisation processs no any buffer solution were used because after adding reagents the pH of solution become somewhat acidity in coveted scope. The influence of the MB concentration on the ion-pair formation/microextraction efficiency was performed in the scope of 0 – 2.1 A- 10-5 mol L-1 while the concentration of SDS was 0.04 mg L-1. During the fluctuation of this concentration the other experimental variables remained changeless. The consequences demonstrated that by increasing the MB concentration up to 1.5 A- 10-5 mol L-1 the microextraction efficiency increased and, so, no fluctuation were observed ( as depicted in Fig. 1 ) . Sing the fact that proposed method is additive up to 0.08 milligrams L-1, hence, the sum of 5 A- 10-5 mol L-1 MB was selected as consider adequate surplus sums. 3.3. Influence of the microextraction dissolver sort and volume The choices of an appropriate microextraction dissolver have a high importance function to acquire a high sensitiveness DLLME, so sort and volume of it were studied and optimized. Microextraction dissolver should hold particular features in DLLME ; it should hold really low solubility in H2O, extraction capableness of interested compounds, and much denseness than H2O. Chloroform and C tetrachloride are available as the most celebrated microextraction dissolvers in DLLME. During our primary surveies we found that C tetrachloride is non capable to pull out the ion-pair of SDS-MB at all. Furthermore, the recommended dissolver in the standard methods is trichloromethane ; hence, it was our extinguished pick. To look into the consequence of microextraction dissolver volume, experiments were performed by utilizing 2.00 mL ethyl alcohol incorporating different volumes of trichloromethane ( 138, 143, 148, 153, 158 and 163 i? ­L ) . By increasing the volume of trichloromethane from 138 to 163 A µL, the volume of the settled stage additions about from 65 to 90 A µL. Harmonizing to consequences ( Fig. 2 ) , optical density lessenings with increasing the volume of trichloromethane ; it is clear that by increasing the volume of trichloromethane the volume of the settled stage additions. Subsequently, at low volume of the microextraction dissolver high optical density or enrichment factor was obtained. 3.4. Influence of the disperser dissolver sort and volume In DLLME, choosing an appropriate disperser dissolver is of import, since disperser dissolver should be mixable with both microextraction dissolver and aqueous sample. For the interest of geting the most suited disperser dissolver, two sorts of instead safe disperser dissolvers: propanone and ethyl alcohol were studied. A series of sample solutions were studied by utilizing 2.00 milliliter of each disperser dissolver incorporating 138 A µL of trichloromethane and the enrichment factors were investigated. The consequences showed that ethyl alcohol showed much better efficiency than propanone ( enrichment factor of 75 and 17, severally ) . Less toxicity and the higher microextraction efficiency of ethyl alcohols make it a better pick. After taking ethanol as disperser dissolver, it is necessary to optimise the volume of it. The influence of the disperser dissolver ( ethanol ) volume on the microextraction efficiency was tested over the scope of 0.50 – 2.00 milliliter, but the fluctuation of the ethyl alcohol volume ( disperser dissolver ) caused alterations in the settled stage volume. Hence, it was impossible to see independently the influence of the ethyl alcohol volume on the microextraction efficiency in DLLME. To avoid this job and in order to achieve a changeless volume of the setteled stage, the ethyl alcohol and trichloromethane volumes were changed at the same time. The experimental conditions were fixed and included the usage of different ethanol volumes: 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 milliliter, incorporating 97, 102, 121, and 138 I?L of trichloromethane, severally. Under these conditions, the settled stage volume remained changeless ( 65 A ± 2 I?L ) . Fig. 3 shows the curves for optical density o f SDS-MB ion-pair versus the volume of ethyl alcohol. The optical density increased, when the ethanol volume increased from 0.50 to 2.00 milliliter of ethyl alcohol as disperser dissolver. Harmonizing to the consequences, a 2.00 milliliter ethyl alcohol was chosen as the optimal disperser dissolver volume. 3.5. Influence of the microextraction clip Microextraction clip ( interval clip between the injection of a mixture of disperser dissolver and microextraction dissolver, before get downing to centrifugate ) is of import factor that may be effects microextraction efficiency of analytes from aqueous stage to organic stage. The fluctuation for microextraction efficiency of SDS-MB as a map of microextraction clip was studied in the scope of 5 unsweet – 10 min. The ensuing informations, exposing that the microextraction clip has no important consequence on the microextraction efficiency for the mark compound. It was revealed that after the formation of the cloudy solution, the contact country between the microextraction dissolver and the aqueous stage was well big, defining why the extraction equilibrium could be established really fast. In this method the most time-consuming process was centrifugation of the sample solution in the microextraction process, which was about 3 min. Sing the fact this period of clip ( 3 min ) is for eight trial tubing ( microextraction vass ) , the clip required for managing one trial tubing is less than 25 seconds. 3.6. Analytic features of the method To measure the practical pertinence of the proposed DLLME/FO-LADS technique for finding of MBAS in H2O samples, several analytical public presentation features such as enrichment factor, one-dimensionality, bound of sensing ( LOD ) and repeatability were investigated under optimized conditions. The standardization curve was additive in the scope of 0.06 A- 10-1 – 0.8 A- 10-1 milligram La?’1 of SDS with a correlativity coefficient ( R ) of better than 0.99. The LOD, defined as CL =3 SB/m ( where CL, SB and m are the bound of sensing, standard divergence of the space and incline of the standardization graph, severally ) , was 0.02 A- 10-1 milligram La?’1. The repeatability of the proposed method expressed as comparative criterion divergences ( RSDs, n=7 ) were found to be 4.5 and 3.6 % for the concentration of 0.03 and 0.07 milligram La?’1, severally. The enrichment factor was found to be 75 for SDS. 3.7. Consequence of diverse ions and application to practical samples Any organic or inorganic compound that will organize a trichloromethane extractable ion-pair with MB will interfere by bring forthing high consequences. These positive intervention include organic sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphates, and phenols, every bit good as inorganic cyanates, chlorides, nitrates, and thiocyanates. On the other manus, any compound efficaciously viing with MB to organize an AS ion-pair will give negative consequences. These negative interventions cause by some aminoalkanes and have analytical significance in the instance of quaternate ammonium compounds. For pretreatment of MBAS in all Waterss and waste Waterss that contain meddlesome substances the undermentioned process is recommended by ASTM mention method. The selected sample is hydrolysed by boiling under partial reflux with hydrochloric acid. The residuary merchandises are neutralized to a controlled pH value, and reacted with 1-methylheptylamine. The resulting ion-pairs are extracted into a trichloromet hane stage and evaporated to dryness on a steam bath. The amine constituent of the ion-pair is removed by boiling in an aqueous alkaline media and the stray MBAS are so determined under the described mention process. Besides other research workers examined the consequence of assorted diverse ions on the finding of AS by similar method [ 14, 6 ] . In order to set up the cogency and pertinence of proposed method, it was applied to the finding of AS in several existent H2O samples ( mineral, pat, and good H2O samples ) by proposed method. For this intent, 5.0 milliliter of each sample was preconcentrated utilizing DLLME technique as described before ( pH was adjusted with acetic acid/sodium ethanoate buffer if necessary ) . In order to measure matrix consequence, the standard add-on method was applied for the finding of AS ( at spiking degrees of 0.02 and 0.05 mg L-1 ) in spiked existent samples which the comparative recoveries of analytes are mentioned in Table 2. The obtained consequences were compared with those obtained from spiked distilled H2O. In all instances, the spike recoveries confirm the dependability of the proposed method. The obtained comparative recoveries indicates that matrix does non act upon the microextraction efficiency in the mentioned samples ( no serious interventions ) , hence, there was non any duty t o take interventions. As it can be seen in table 3, the public presentation of proposed method shows distinguishable advantages over other methods with mention to try volume, extraction dissolver volume, RSDs, LODs and additive dynamic scopeDecisionsThis survey demonstrated that DLLME process with really pleasant and robust features for check of AS seems to offer possible campaigners for mention method, which utilizes really little sum of microextraction dissolver every bit good as its low cost. Furthermore, freshly DLLME process in combination with FO-LADS equipped with charge-coupled device ( CCD ) sensor profiting from a micro-cell demonstrated that LPME ( DLLME ) could be combine with spectrophotometer system despite of micro-level sample volume without any dilution and diminishing the sensitiveness. Analysis of several existent samples for AS content illustrated the truth, dependability, simpleness, dependability and bargain rate of method. It appears to be a time-saving techni que, chiefly for research labs executing analysis of a big figure of samples with a rapid coverage clip. Besides we suggest the pertinence of this method for supervising the biodegradation of AS.

Salvador Luria essays

Salvador Luria essays Salvador Luria was one of the founders of microbiology, as we know it. He emigrated from here from his native country of Italy in 1940. His work in the United States is his best known. His work on bacteriophage (bacterial virus) here brought up many new topics in bacteriology, biochemistry, and virology. Born in 1912 in Turin, Italy Salvador Luria was born to David Luria and Ester Sacerdote. His father was a well-respected Jewish leader in his hometown. Salvador attended Liceo dAzeglio high school. This was one of Northern Italys most highly recognized schools. After he finished high school he enrolled in medical school at the University of Turin. In medical school he studied with nerve tissue expert Giuseppe Levi. He met Ugo Fano who later taught him calculus and physics in an after school class using astronomy as a base. The influence that Fano had on Salvador was so great that he decided to pursue basic sciences. He decided to go with Radiology, he believed this was the gap between physics and medicine. He received his medical degree in 1935. Although he had received his degree he was not happy. He believed Radiology was the most boring part of the medical world. Salvador was drafted into the Italian Army as a medic. This proved he was not made for a medical career. He was discharged in 1937 and moved to Rome. In Rome he study at the Physics Institute of the University of Rome. He was shown the writings of Max Delbruck, who had boldly stated a gene, was a molecule. Salvador later said that Maxs writings were the Holy Grail of biophysics. While living in an old broken down trolley car in the streets of Rome Salvador started a conversation with a microbiologist by the name of Geo Rita. Geo introduced him to bacteriophage, Salvador believed he could prove Maxs theory. He fled Europe in 1940 when the Nazi war machine was an approaching. He acquired an American visa and came ...